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This timeline covers the main points of British (and English) foreign policy from 1485 to the late 20th century. ==16th century== * Henry VII becomes king (1485–1509), founding the Tudor dynasty and ending the long civil war called "Wars of the Roses". His foreign policy involves an alliance with Spain, cemented by the marriage of his son Arthur to the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon. Arthur dies and the next son (Henry VIII) marries her.Henry VII reverses the Plantagenet policy of acquiring more French territory; he generally pursues a more defensive, Anglo-centric policy〔John M. Currin, "Henry VII and the treaty of Redon (1489): Plantagenet ambitions and early Tudor foreign policy", ''History'' (1996) 81# 263, pp 343–58〕 * 1485–1509: The king promotes the woolen trade with Netherlands; helps English merchants compete with the Hanseatic League; sends John Cabot to explore the New World (1497); launches the Royal Navy * 1489–91: England sends three expensive military expeditions to keep Brittany out of French control, but fails. * 1502: Treaty of "perpetual peace" signed with Scotland. The marriage of King James IV of Scotland to Margaret Tudor will eventually lead to the Stuart succession to the English throne. *1509–47 Henry VIII becomes king; he revives the old claim to the French throne but France is now a more powerful country and the English control is limited to Calais * 1511–16: War of the League of Cambrai allied with Spain against France; on losing side. *1513 English defeat & kill King James IV of Scotland at Battle of Flodden Field; he was allied with France. * 1520: 7 June: Henry VIII meets with Francis I of France near Calais at the extravagant "Field of the Cloth of Gold"; no alliance results * 1521–26: Italian War of 1521–26 allied with Spain against France; on winning side * 1525: Queen Catherine does not produce the male heir the king demands, so he decides on a divorce (which angers Spain). * 1526–30 War of the League of Cognac, allied with France; Spain wins * 1529 Henry VIII severs ties with Rome because of marriage issue; and declares himself head of the English church; Catholic Spain supports the Pope. * 1533: Pope Clement VII excommunicates Henry and annuls his divorce from Catharine * 1542: War with Scotland. James V defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss * 1551–59: Italian War of 1551–59; allied with Spain against France; on winning side * 1553–58: Mary I is queen; she promotes Catholicism and an alliance with Catholic Spain〔David M. Loades, ''The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government and Religion in England, 1553–58'' (1991)〕 * 1554: Mary I marries Prince Philip of Spain, the king of Spain (1556–98). "The Spanish marriage" was unpopular even though Philip was to have little or no power. However he pushes Mary into alliance with Spain in a war with France that resulted in the loss of Calais in 1558 *1558–1603 Elizabeth I as Queen;〔Charles Beem, ''The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I'' (2011) (excerpt and text search )〕 Sir William Cecil (baron Burleigh, 1571) serves as chief advisor; they avoid European wars.〔Benton Rain Patterson, ''With the Heart of a King: Elizabeth I of England, Philip II of Spain & the Fight for a Nation's Soul & Crown'' (2007)〕 Her spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham thwarts numerous plots supported by Spain or France to assassinate the Queen. The long-term English goal becomes a united and Protestant British Isles, through conquest of Ireland and alliance with Scotland. Defence is the mission of a strengthened Royal Navy.〔Jane E.A. Dawson, "William Cecil and the British Dimension of Early Elizabethan Foreign Policy", ''History'', June 1989, Vol. 74 Issue 241, pp 196–216〕 * 1580–1620s - English merchants form the Levant Company to promote trade with Ottoman Empire; they build a presence in Istanbul and trade grew as the Turks bought arms and cloth.〔Maria Blackwood, "Politics, Trade, and Diplomacy: The Anglo-Ottoman Relationship, 1575–1699", ''History Matters'' (May 2010), pp 1–34〕 * 1585: By the Treaty of Nonsuch with the Netherlands, England supported the Dutch revolt against Spain with soldiers and money. Spain decides this means war and prepares an armada to invade England.〔R. B. Wernham, ''Before the Armada: The growth of English foreign policy 1485–1588'' (1966)〕 *1585–1604: Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an undeclared intermittent naval conflict; English strategy focused on raids on ports such as Cadiz, and seizure of Spanish merchant ships because it was much cheaper than land forces—using privateers ("Sea Dogs") who turned a large profit when they captured prizes—let the naval warfare pay for itself.〔Angus Konstam and Angus McBride, ''Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560–1605'' (2000) p. 4〕 *1588: Massive Spanish invasion thwarted by destruction of Spanish Armada; it is celebrated for centuries as a decisive defeat for England's Catholic enemy.〔Geoffrey Parker, "Why the Armada Failed", ''History Today'' (May 1988) pp 26–33.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of British diplomatic history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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